, to economically and statistically significant declines in domestic output and productivity. Tariff increases also result …. The effects on output and productivity tend to be magnified when tariffs rise during expansions, for advanced economies …

of standard Real Business Cycle models, a positive shock to the underlying rate of total factor productivity growth …

This paper estimates the effects of trade liberalization on plant productivity. In contrast to previous studies, we … distinguish between productivity gains arising from lower tariffs on final goods relative to lower tariffs on intermediate inputs …. Lower output tariffs can produce productivity gains by inducing tougher import competition whereas cheaper imported inputs …

We investigate the long-run relationship between the real exchange rate, traded and nontraded productivity levels, and … find that in 1991 (the last year productivity data are available) there is less overvaluation of the U.S. dollar than that …