Five years into the ongoing and tragic conflict, the paper analyzes how Syria's economy and its people have been … set the country back decades in terms of economic, social and human development. Syria's GDP today is less than half of … what it was before the war started and it could take two decades or more for Syria to return to its pre-conflict GDP levels …

exchange rate (ERER) in Syria. After reviewing the evolution of the Syrian multiple exchange rate regime since 1960 and … of the ongoing transition to a market economy, a more flexible regime would serve Syria better in the future …

energy/environmental tax systems in Germany, Sweden, Turkey, and Vietnam suggests that there is substantial scope for policy …

improve the transparency of machine learning-based forecasts. Applying the framework to Turkey reduces forecast errors by at …

the role of exchange rates in supporting growth and restoring external balance. In this paper, we use Turkey---a large and …