cases, the stringency of the lockdown, and the fiscal and monetary policy response determined the dynamics of portfolio … financing needs in affected economies. Lockdown and fiscal policy measures also led to an increase in portfolio flows; however …

covering the period end-2020 to mid-2021. Causal effects are identified through instrumenting vaccination rates with county …. Specifically, an increase of initiated vaccination rates of 1 percentage point increases weekly consumer spending by 0.6 percent … of vaccines is important to reduce inequality. Our results are specific to the United States, but hold important lessons …

Following the Great Lockdown in 2020, it is important to take stock of lessons learned. How effective have different … information campaigns - rather than stay-at-home requirements. Using past coronavirus outbreaks as an instrumental variable, we …