productivity, while import liberalization has ambiguous effects. Resource misallocation can either amplify, dampen or reverse the …-2011, we empirically establish that exogenous shocks to export demand and import competition both generate large aggregate … productivity gains. Guided by theory, we provide evidence consistent with these effects operating through reallocations across …

import tariffs and partial but substantial reduction in non-tariff barriers (NTBs). Results reveal significant potential … welfare gains from trade liberalization in Africa. As intra-regional import tariffs in the continent are already low, the bulk …