covering the period end-2020 to mid-2021. Causal effects are identified through instrumenting vaccination rates with county …. Specifically, an increase of initiated vaccination rates of 1 percentage point increases weekly consumer spending by 0.6 percent … of vaccines is important to reduce inequality. Our results are specific to the United States, but hold important lessons …

European authorities introduced stringent lockdown measures in early 2020 to reduce the transmission of COVID-19. As …

Lockdowns and voluntary social distancing led to significant reduction in people's mobility. Yet, there is scant … and aggregate data provided by Vodafone for Italy, Portugal, and Spain, we find that lockdowns had a larger impact on the …

international supply chains were widely reported as governments imposed containment measures (lockdowns) to halt the spread of the … the supply and demand channels in trade by quantifying the causal effect of supply spillovers from lockdowns. We utilize a … spillovers of lockdowns through international trade. Moreover, the evidence is suggestive of the downstream propagation of …

cases, the stringency of the lockdown, and the fiscal and monetary policy response determined the dynamics of portfolio … financing needs in affected economies. Lockdown and fiscal policy measures also led to an increase in portfolio flows; however …

have predicted that a super infectious variant, such as the delta, would spread and argue that current vaccination levels …