Dieser Artikel beschäftigt sich mit dem Konvergenzprozess in der Europäischen Union. Der Schwerpunkt liegt dabei auf der Periode nach der Osterweiterung 2004-2007. Somit wird eine detaillierte Untersuchung vorgenommen und es werden nicht nur wirtschaftliche, sondern auch institutionelle...

Research for evidence on offshoring activities and its driving forces has been done by analyzing gross trade flows related to offshoring using gravity equations augmented by ad hoc measures of supply-side country differences. We develop a specification grounded in incomplete specialization that...

We suggest that bilateral gravity equations augmented by ad hoc measures of absolute supply-side country differences are misspecified. Building on Haveman and Hummels (2004), we develop and test an alternative specification rooted in incomplete specialization that views bilateral gravity...

The gravity literature has focused on distance, borders and contiguity to measure geography's impact on trade. We add value to this literature in terms of data, method and assessment of effects. First, we expand existing geographical databases by adding topographical features. We supply novel...