increases in energy prices, inflation, and significant consumption disparities across households. Our model, calibrated to … Germany’s income and consumption distribution, evaluates key policy interventions, including untargeted and targeted transfers … importance of targeted fiscal measures in addressing distributional effects and stabilizing consumption during economic crises. …

This paper analyzes the process of real economic convergence in the New Member States (NMS) being formerly centrally … number of modes of the density distribution, the existence of “convergence clubs” in the distribution and the hypothesis of … convergence at a single point in time. The modality tests (e.g. the ASH-WARPing procedure) and stochastic kernel are nonparametric …