penalty for male workers in six European countries (i.e., Belgium, Denmark, Ireland, Italy, Spain, and the UK). Findings show … 28 percent in Denmark and Italy, to 67 percent in the UK and to 149 percent in Ireland. Human capital differences explain … between 31 percent of the observed wage gap in the UK and 71 percent in Denmark. When a larger set of control variables is …

, Ireland, Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK; 3) a neutral role - Denmark and Italy; and 4) a negative impact …