Numerous studies have evaluated the effect of nutrition early in life on health much later in life by comparing …. In this paper we estimate this average causal effect on health outcomes later in life, by applying instrumental variable …

of education on health behaviors. Using the number of academic track schools in a state as an instrumental variable for … years of schooling, we investigate the causal effect of schooling on health behavior such as smoking and related outcomes …

schooling ­ before the individual enters the labor market ­ does not significantly affect later wages after controlling for … control measures on wages, this indicates that it is important to distinguish between premarket skills and those that are …, thus indirectly affecting later wages. The paper conveys important policy implications. If some personality traits, such as …