of education on health behaviors. Using the number of academic track schools in a state as an instrumental variable for … years of schooling, we investigate the causal effect of schooling on health behavior such as smoking and related outcomes …

absence from work, we also consider effects on doctor/hospital visits and subjective health indicators. We also add to the … terms) at higher quantiles, meaning that the reform predominantly reduced long durations of absence. In terms of health, the … negative effects on health outcomes or perceived liquidity constraints …