This paper studies the impact of outsourcing on individual wages in three European countries with markedly different … and construct comparable measures of outsourcing at the industry level, distinguishing outsourcing by broad region …. Estimating the same specification on different data show that there are some interesting differences in the effect of outsourcing …

We explore the relationship between proximity of buyers and sellers and the organizational form of outsourcing …. Outsourcing can be "contractual" in which suppliers undertake specific investments or involve "generic" market transactions …