This paper highlights the employment patterns of China's over-45 population and, for perspective, places them in the … developing countries, China can be characterized as having two retirement systems: a formal system, under which urban employees … of exit from work are shown to be much greater in urban China than in rural areas, and also greater than observed in …

-seeking behavior. In China, researchers have frequently argued that village cadres, who are the lowest level of administrators in rural … and non-cadre households in rural China without controlling for unobserved dimensions of ability that are also correlated … who is a cadre. Given the increasing returns to non-agricultural employment since China‘s economic reforms began, it is …

examine the impact of rural-urban migration on the likelihood that households in rural China fall below the poverty line. In …

China. We find that increased migration from rural villages leads to significant increases in consumption per capita, and …

families in rural China. This paper asks how participation is affected by elder parent health. We find that younger adults are …

returns to schooling in urban China by exploiting individual-level variation in the effects of city-wide disruptions to …