East and North Africa: Egypt, Jordan, and Tunisia. The first part highlights various channels through which public … infrastructure has both flow and stock effects on private investment in Egypt, but only a stock effect in Jordan and Tunisia. But …

Republic of Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, the Syrian Arab Republic, and Turkey -- to quantify the direct and indirect economic … effects of the Syrian war and the advance of the Islamic State on the Levant. Syria and Iraq bear the brunt of the direct … Syria and Iraq doubles the welfare losses. All these countries are foregoing opportunities to expand intra-Levant trade and …

gross domestic product (but goes down to 2.9 percent if Lebanon, Djibouti, Bahrain, and Jordan are excluded). Only five … economies have a quasi-fiscal deficit below 3 percent of gross domestic product (Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia, Qatar, and the West ….2 percent of gross domestic product (but 2.2 percent without Lebanon, Djibouti, Bahrain, and Jordan). Commercial inefficiency …

Egypt, Morocco and Tunisia face challenges competing on the global markets, as shown by their relatively low and … misalignment, including in recent years, the exchange rates in Morocco and Tunisia have broadly reflected the underlying … countries' real exchange rate misalignments during the past three decades. While Egypt experienced periods of substantial …

namely, Algeria, Egypt, Jordan, Palestine and Tunisia. Low FLFP rates in these countries, as it is in other MENA countries …

-- 4. Commerce and Socialist Construction -- 5. Industry: From Trial-and-Error to Technology Reform -- 6. Agriculture as …