at the expense of students who are most diffiult to teach, including limited English proficiency (LEP) and special … education (SPED) students, as well as students with low baseline achievement levels. We use applicant lotteries to evaluate the … special needs students that may be underserved. The results show average achievement gains of 0.36 standard deviations in math …

school students, while non-urban charters reduce achievement from a higher baseline. Student demographics explain some of …

needn't capture treatment effects for students who haven't applied to charter schools or for students attending charters for … schools. Students enrolled in schools designated for closure are eligible for "grandfathering" into the new schools; that is … attendance: the grandfathering instrument compares students at schools designated for takeover with students who appear similar …