). First, we find that educational attainment and language proficiency have a higher return in the Netherlands than in Germany …, while for Germany we find a negative relation with tenured employment. The contrasting results on tenured employment may be … explained partly by differences in immigration rules. In Germany economic self-reliance is more important than in the …

Germany and the Netherlands. We compare labour market outcomes of Turkish immigrants, including both the first and second … large for Germany. Differences in past immigration policies between Germany and the Netherlands are likely to be important …