This paper provides estimates of the union wage gap in Portugal, a nation until recently lacking independent data on … union density at firm level. Having estimated nonlinear and linear estimates of the effect of union density on the wage gap … sources of the union wage gap. A generalization of this technique is applied for the nonlinear case. We find evidence of a …

determinants of union density at firm level are first modeled. Next, we draw upon a very recent study of the union wage premium to … provide summary estimates of the union wage gap for different ranges of union density. Since these estimates fully reflect the … and extensions is viewed as an aspect of downward nominal wage rigidity in deflationary times (the counterpart of "upward …

We show that providing publicly available wage information in vacancies, so-called external pay transparency, can … reduce the gender wage gap. There is an increasing interest in pay transparency policies as a tool to combat unequal pay. We … exploit a reform of Austria's Equal Treatment Law to evaluate how providing wage information in vacancies affects the gender …

expensive older workers into retirement. Based on the seniority wage model developed by Lazear (1979), we discuss steep … seniority wage profiles as incentives for firms to dismiss older workers before retirement. Conditional on individual retirement … incentives, e.g., social security wealth or health status, the steepness of the wage profile will have different incentives for …

-employee data (specifically, the LIAB for 2001). We find that works councils are associated with higher earnings. The wage premium … council premium is decreasing with the position of the worker in the wage distribution. And it is also higher for women than … for men. Finally, the works council wage premium is associated with longer job tenure. This suggests that some of the …

of the gender wage gap.An updated longitudinal analysis using the CPS data is also provided. This examination of two …

This paper estimates a wage equation with three high-dimensional fixed effects, using a longitudinal matched employer …-employee dataset covering virtually all Portuguese wage earners over a little more than two decades. The variation in log real hourly … unobserved) and a residual component.It is found that worker permanent heterogeneity is the most important source of wage …