Looking across many diseases, average health among mature men is much worse in America compared to England. Second …, there exists a steep negative health gradient for men in both countries where men at the bottom of the economic hierarchy … are in much worse health than those at the top. This health gradient exists whether education, income, or financial wealth …

olds, we estimate similar health gradients in income and wealth in both countries, but for 70-80 year old, we find no … benefits are largely flat and independent of past income and hence past health during the working years. Finally, we report …