one of the most prominent determinants of entrepreneurship - education - and approximately three times larger than …

persons have a relatively high propensity to become entrepreneurs out of necessity because they do not find paid employment. I … entry strongly applies to unincorporated entrepreneurship, but only weakly to incorporated entrepreneurship. This highlights … the association of unincorporated and incorporated entrepreneurship with necessity and opportunity entrepreneurship …

A common finding in the entrepreneurship literature is that business creation increases in recessions. This counter …-cyclical pattern is examined by separating business creation into two components: "opportunity" and "necessity" entrepreneurship … entrepreneurship, there are many challenges to creating a definition that is both objective and empirically feasible. We propose an …

rates of entrepreneurs. Whereas recent research underpins the theoretical proposition of a positive correlation between risk … entrepreneurs. The empirical results confirm that persons whose risk attitudes are in the medium range survive significantly longer … as entrepreneurs than do persons with particularly low or high risks …

, lenders may charge higher interest rates or ration credit supply, which can hamper entrepreneurship. Both aspects of a more … forgiving personal bankruptcy law are less relevant for wealthy potential entrepreneurs who still risk losing their wealth, but … entrepreneurship …

behavior. We focus on entrepreneurs who are permanently facing exchange processes in the interplay with investors, sellers, and … reciprocity influence the exit probability of entrepreneurs; and iii) willingness to trust and to act reciprocally influences the … entrepreneurial development. Interestingly, entrepreneurs are more trustful than employees, but much less trustful than managers …

opportunity entrepreneurs, who voluntarily pursue a business opportunity, and necessity entrepreneurs, who lack alternative … indicate that the returns to a year of education for opportunity entrepreneurs are 3.5 percentage points higher than the paid … employees' rate of 8.1%, but 6.5 percentage points lower for necessity entrepreneurs …

standard measure of risk tolerance. We find that wealthy individuals are more likely to be entrepreneurs and invest a larger …

Germany, the top marginal income tax rates were reduced exclusively for entrepreneurs in 1994 and 1999-2000. These tax reforms …, the tax rate reductions did not apply to freelance professionals (Freiberufler), and second, entrepreneurs with earnings …