voters' preferences. We investigate the reverse effect: Are the electorates' policy preferences responsive to party positions … the preferences of specific partisan groups with their preferred party's position on the policy under consideration …

We study the effect of former Communist party membership on paying bribes to public officials and motivations for …-socialist countries in 2015/16. To deal with endogeneity, we instrument party membership with information on whether family members were … affected by the Second World War. Instrumental variable results suggest that links to the former Communist party increase the …