towns from big cities will improve poverty reduction performance. Of course the hypothesis raises many questions. What … versus cities to poverty reduction? What are the economic mechanisms for such a differential contribution and how does policy … poverty are quite complex even in simple settings, and the question of secondary towns and poverty reduction is an open area …

fairness principles, namely equality of opportunity and freedom from poverty, into a joint measure of unfair inequality. Two … inequality. Second, average unfair inequality doubles when complementing the ideal of an equal opportunity society with poverty …

Should public investment be targeted to big cities or to small towns, if the objective is to minimize national poverty … poverty gradient from rural to town to city will exist as an equilibrium phenomenon. We then address the policy question and … show how the answer depends on the migration response, where the poverty line lies relative to incomes in the three …