double dividend in that it reduces both minor offenses and more severe crime. We develop a model of criminal subcultures in … attractive for some people who would otherwise commit more severe crime. If social status is sufficiently important in criminal … subcultures, zero-tolerance reduces crime across the board …

The trade-off between the immediate returns from committing a crime and the future costs of punishment depends on an … heterogeneity based on age, education, crime type, and nationality. Our estimates imply that the majority of deterrence is derived …

of fines on punishment and deterrence. Partial effects are effects on potential violators' and punishers' decisions when …

bear a higher burden of punishment costs than non-police subjects. When the norm enforcement institution is endogenous, all …

in biology and the social sciences. Recent experimental evidence suggests that altruistic punishment is an important … mechanism to maintain cooperation among humans. In this paper we explore the boundary conditions for altruistic punishment to … maintain cooperation by systematically varying the cost and impact of punishment, using a subject pool which extends beyond the …

welfare is reduced is that punishment can express anger about free-riding. If this is the case, then tools that regulate …

presented points to a causal effect of the IGESP on crime. The most conservative estimates indicate a reduction of 24% in … represented by the program may constitute a first-order factor in a successful policy for fighting crime …

conviction play a major role in explaining the variation of crime rates, while the impact of the severity of punishment is small … police, public prosecution and courts, respectively, on crime. Using detailed data on the different stages of the criminal …