Finnish payroll tax subsidy scheme, which is targeted at the employers of older, full-time, low-wage workers. The system …'s clear eligibility criteria open up an opportunity for a reliable estimation of the causal impacts of the subsidy, using a … difference-in-difference-in-differences approach. Our results indicate that the subsidy system had no effects on the employment …

simultaneity between subsidy allocation and the qualitative composition of the innovative output, as well as the endogeneity of … the innovation subsidy; far from 'doing better' as a result of government intervention, supported firms appear to exhaust …