exploiting the reorganization of the school system in East Germany after reunification. Our identification strategy utilizes …

We analyse the convergence and heterogeneity of living standards between East and West Germany since unification. Based …, including retirees and the unemployed, of East and West Germany over the fifteen years for which data are available. Using a … highest negative income gap. This probably reflects out-migration from East Germany by the young and highly skilled. On the …

East and West Germany were far from being randomly selected treatment and control groups. First, the later border is … occupying forces affected East and West differently. Third, a selective fifth of the population fled from East to West Germany …

trusting attitude than West Germans. This suggests a negative effect of communism in East Germany versus democracy in West … Germany on social and institutional trust. However, the experience of democracy by East Germans since reunification did not …

Using the 41-year division of Germany as a natural experiment, we show that the GDR's gender-equal institutions created … a culture that has undone the male breadwinner norm and its consequences. Since reunification, East Germany still … differs from West Germany not only by a higher female contribution to household income, but also because East German women can …

Germany …

explaining mortality crises and their relevance for the case of East Germany. Based on individual-level panel data the …

Germany, where East German data on economic activity are unavailable for detailed regional levels and historical time series …