find that spinoffs are less likely to exit than other startups. We show that in West and East Germany and in all sectors …

and households and the aggregate economy of Germany. We adopt alternative micro-foundations for agglomeration economies … Germany's labor markets, housing rents, and household travel-to-work data, to estimate the population elasticities of urban … benefits and costs. We are the first to establish elasticities for urban costs for Germany, an estimated elasticity of …

In this paper, we use a novel firm level dataset for Germany to investigate the effect of sanctions on export behaviour …