Simple OLS estimates of the effect of school-imposed penalties for drug use on a student's consumption of marijuana are … marijuana use to sanctions and thereby demonstrate the efficacy of school-imposed penalties as a deterrent to adolescent drug … use. This is the first evidence of such efficacy and, given what is known about the consequences of drug use, suggests …

of fines on punishment and deterrence. Partial effects are effects on potential violators' and punishers' decisions when … hypotheses derived from the theory …

welfare is reduced is that punishment can express anger about free-riding. If this is the case, then tools that regulate …

The trade-off between the immediate returns from committing a crime and the future costs of punishment depends on an …

in biology and the social sciences. Recent experimental evidence suggests that altruistic punishment is an important … mechanism to maintain cooperation among humans. In this paper we explore the boundary conditions for altruistic punishment to … maintain cooperation by systematically varying the cost and impact of punishment, using a subject pool which extends beyond the …

sub-national Google searches over six months, identifying a strong and persistent increase in drug-related searches right … in drug-related Google searches. Finally, we examine individual-level survey responses that more directly capture policy …