1999-2004 and measure innovation performance by the (value-adjusted) number of patent applications at the European Patent … firms as well as immobile workers on the innovation performance of their employer. Our main result is that mobile university … scientists contribute substantially more to innovation than R&D workers hired from other firms who, in turn, contribute slightly …

employer ('nascent intrapreneurship') or independently ('nascent entrepreneurship'). Analysis of a nationally representative … sample of American adults gathered in 2005-06 uncovers systematic differences between the drivers of nascent entrepreneurship …

how it they are influenced by a country's "innovation system". Substitution depends on demand and production elasticities …, and other factors influenced by the innovation system. Making use of World Economic Forum data we estimate the … relationship for thirteen countries and find that countries with poor innovation capabilities substitute robots for workers much …

. In order for the continent to benefit from the 4IR more needs to be done to improve entrepreneurship and education. A … number of policy recommendations for 4IRcompatible entrepreneurship and education policies are made …

start-up entrepreneurship. In this light I (i) show why manufacturing is vital for African economies, (ii) critically … Africa; (iii) describe the resurgence of technological start-up entrepreneurship in Africa and (iv) call for policy support …