. First, there have been many recent calls for the (relatively new) UK R&D subsidy to be extended to other research activities … research councils, universities, and government undertaken work on civil and military R&D. To evaluate these questions we use … from public R&D spend on research councils, and (c) no evidence of market sector spillovers from public spending on civil …

basic research to improve their technological potential. These research investments tighten firm selection and raise the … research investments. The over-investment problem turns to an under-investment problem if there are sufficiently strong cross …-country spillovers of basic research investments …

In universities all over the world, hiring and promotion committees regularly hear the argument: this is important work … because it is about to appear in prestigious journal X. Moreover, those who allocate levels of research funding, such as in … the multi-billion pound Research Assessment Exercise in UK universities, often come under pressure to assess research …

We use the UK's 2014 Research Excellence Framework (REF) to study which attributes characterize a top-scoring (four …