This study proposes a new approach to the analysis of non-employment and its duration in Germany, Italy and Spain using … administrative longitudinal databases. Non-employment includes the discouraged unemployed not entitled to draw unemployment benefits … estimate the magnitude and duration of non-employment, applying the survival methodology developed in recent years to deal with …

short employment spell (< 3 months), 10-year survival does not reach 50%. We show that the order of magnitude of workforce …

Why did employment growth - high in the last decade - take place at the expense of young workers in the countries of … a positive impact on its evolution: population ageing and the demographic decline, low labor cost of young workers …

, and policy restrictions, we consider a range of employment outcomes—including permanent layoffs, which generate large and … how these employment patterns vary across different states, according to the timing and severity of virus caseloads … economic activity reduce employment rates concurrently, but do not seem to have lingering effects once relaxed. In contrast …

cannot be attributed to the parents' own employment status. The results suggest pathways through stress and air pollution …