Two major earthquakes which struck northwestern Turkey in 1999 exposed rampant corruption involving construction and … each of these methods. Not just those ruling at the time of the earthquakes, but also other parties which were in power …

following the initial earthquake. We find that exposure to these earthquakes reduced gestational age, increased the likelihood … of having a late birth and negatively affected newborn health - with the largest effects for earthquakes that occurred in … earthquake or, in contrast, on all earthquakes controlling for endogenous location decisions using an instrumental variables …