Germany and Canada stand at polar ends of the scientific debate over language integration and ascension to citizenship …. German naturalization, as of January 2000, contains an explicit language criterion for naturalization. The first German … aims at language as a criterion for legal immigration. Canada, in effect, does not base entry or citizenship on knowledge …

This paper analyzes the Hebrew language proficiency, probability of employment, and labor market earnings of immigrants … features of the analysis include the study of long-duration immigrants (3 to 20 years), and analyses for: males and females …, primary reasons for immigration, the subsidized intensive Hebrew language training program (ulpan), Ethiopian Jews, and Jewish …

We analyze self-selection of refugees and irregular migrants and test our theory in the context of the European refugee … large-scale evidence on reasons to emigrate, and the self-selection and sorting of refugees and irregular migrants. Refugees … and female irregular migrants are positively self-selected with respect to human capital, while male irregular migrants …

This study finds evidence of wage divergence between immigrants and natives in Germany using a country-wide household … immigrants and natives. Individual rates of wage convergence are found to be higher for immigrants who fled warfare zones, belong … contributes substantially to closing the wage gap with natives. The treatment effect is heterogeneous, favoring immigrants who are …

We study the impact of language deficiency on the health production of childhood migrants to Australia. Our … identification strategy relies on a quasi-experiment comparing immigrants arriving at different ages and from different linguistic … presence of considerable non-classical measurement error in self-reported language proficiency, our results provide lower and …

linguistic enclaves,(2) the determinants of destination language proficiency among international migrants, based on a model (the … (and internal) migrants, both in terms of the ease of obtaining proficiency in the destination language and access to … destination language skills, and Economic incentives for acquiring this proficiency,(3) the consequences for immigrants of …

Compared to other immigrants to the United States, recent Jewish immigrants from the former Soviet Union have achieved … high levels of English language proficiency and earnings. They experience disadvantages in both dimensions at arrival, but … earnings of other immigrants. This pattern is seen in the most recent data, the American Community Survey, 2005 to 2009, which …

This paper analyzes the impact of missionary activity on English language proficiency and labor market earnings of all … immigrants to the United States by using the pooled files of the American Community Survey (2005-09). We consider the colonial … immigrants from countries with a high concentration of Protestant missionaries tend to exhibit higher levels of English …

We evaluate a Danish reform focused on improving Danish language training for those granted refugee status on or after … effect emerged after completion of language classes and was accompanied by additional schooling and higher probability of … working in communication-intensive jobs, suggesting that language training, rather than other minor aspects of the reform …

This paper examines whether language classes raises refugees' language proficiency and improves their socio … in Denmark, as well as the quasi-random assignment of the refugees to locations with varying proximity to a language … training center. First, we show that refugees' distance from the assigned language training center is as good as random …