central bank money. The key differences between cash and central bank digital currency (CBDC) include transaction efficiency …, possibilities for tax evasion, and, potentially, nominal rates of return. We establish conditions under which cash and CBDC can co …-exist and show how government policies can in uence relative holdings of cash, CBDC, and other assets. We illustrate how a CBDC …

Canada and Sweden using two national level sources of data. The Canadian Immigration Database (IMDB) is a file that links the … groups are quite similar in the two host countries, although earnings are higher in Canada than in Sweden …

. Using administrative annual earnings data from Canada, Sweden, and the United Kingdom, it applies the approach used in the …

outcomes. The UK, Sweden, Canada and the US obtain the highest management scores closely followed by Germany, with a gap to …