punishment in a social dilemma. Emotional reaction to free-riding incites individuals to apply sanctions when they are available …. The application of sanctions activates a "virtuous emotional circle" that accompanies cooperation. Emotionally aroused …

Sanctions are a common method to discourage free-riding in the provision of public goods. However, we can usually only … sanction those who are detected performing the bad act of free-riding. There has been considerable research on the type of … sanctions imposed, but this research almost always automatically detects everyone's actions and broadcasts them to the group …

This paper investigates the effect of sanctions of unemployment insurance benefits on theexit rate from unemployment … for a sample of Danish unemployed. According to the findingsare that even moderate sanctions have rather large effects... …

findings on the impact of certainty and severity of punishment (and the interplay thereof) as well as underlying methodological …

these obligations, a sanction involving a punitive benefits reduction may be imposed. In this paper we give an overview of … the literature on the effects of sanctions in social welfare systems and we present first results on the effects of … sanctions for young unemployed welfare recipients based on German administrative data. The German welfare system is particularly …

job, but that these jobs go along with lower earnings due to first but not the second sanction. Moreover, first sanctions …With the introduction of a new welfare benefit system in 2005, Germany implemented quite strict benefit sanctions for … cash benefit is withdrawn for three months. A second sanction of the same type within one year implies a complete benefit …

are relatively ineffective in using costly sanctions to increase everyone's contributions. Punishment is less targeted … and privileged groups with and without decentralized punishment. We find that compared to normal groups, privileged groups …

This paper investigates the effect of economic sanctions on employment. We exploit the imposition of a series of … unexpected and unprecedented international economic sanctions on Iran in 2012 and estimate the short-run effects of the change in … import exposure on manufacturing employment at the industry level. Our estimates indicate that the sanctions led to an …