This paper investigates the economic returns to language skills and bilingualism. The analysis is staged in Kazakhstan …

formerly disadvantaged populations. Using one example of such policies – "Kazakhisation" in Kazakhstan – we investigate their …

This paper examines rates of return to schooling in Kazakhstan using OLS and instrumental variable (IV) methodologies … underestimate the true rates of return. The results indicate that the returns to schooling in Kazakhstan have increased with … transition. This may reflect the relative scarcities of highly educated people in Kazakhstan with human capital that employers …

In this paper we analyze economic and spatial determinants of interregional migration in Kazakhstan using quarterly … should facilitate regional income convergence in Kazakhstan and improve living standards in depressed regions …

births where one or more child was exposed to TRI pollution during gestation and other siblings were not exposed because the … exposed prenatally to TRI pollution have lower wages, are more likely to be in poverty as adults, have fewer years of …

governments establish the optimal city size when production processes involve environmental pollution. Our analysis delivers two … key insights. First, if an optimal scheme to regulate environmental pollution is implemented, cities chosen by local … governments are never too large. They are too small if pollution is purely global, but at the optimal size, if pollution is purely …

pollution generated by coal fueled power units on the anemic status of children and women in India. We show that among very … among adult women. Impacts on anemic status are driven by the growth of PM2.5 pollution attributable to emissions from coal …