governments establish the optimal city size when production processes involve environmental pollution. Our analysis delivers two … key insights. First, if an optimal scheme to regulate environmental pollution is implemented, cities chosen by local … governments are never too large. They are too small if pollution is purely global, but at the optimal size, if pollution is purely …

literature. Here we study Europe's most aggressive recent air pollution regulation: Low Emission Zones are areas in which … Germany, we assess the distribution of air pollution and the spatial substitution effects in green versus dirty vehicles ….We find that LEZs decrease air pollution by around nine percent in urban traffic centers while pollution is unchanged in non …

, environmental regulation, productivity, and consumer preferences have contributed to these reductions in pollution emissions. We … 1990 and 2008. Third, environmental regulation explains 75 percent or more of the observed reduction in pollution emissions … estimate the model's key parameters using administrative data on plant-level production and pollution decisions. We then …

This article examines pollution and environmental mortality in an economy where fertility is endogenous and output is … pollution-induced mortality but also shifts resources to the clean sector. If the dirty sector is more capital intensive, then … expansion of population boosts total pollution, aggravating mortality …