average by 5%. They also indicate that productivity gains associated to upstreamness are shared almost equally between wages … and profits. However, upstreamness is found to be more beneficial for workers' wages in less competitive environments …

extent to which managers' compensation was affected by the economic crisis and the extent to which it increased afterwards … perspective. We also examine that certain parts of managers seem to have more power to influence their compensation than others …. Inequality in managers' compensation decreased during the crisis …

this firm, increasing in importance when the workers' outside alternatives deteriorate. Profit-maximizing gifts would … than through fixed wages …

focus on short-term profit. This influence is particularly strong if the local managers of the German subsidiary are not … subsidiary increases the probability of focusing on short-term profit. These findings conform to the hypothesis that foreign … short-term profit. However, we do not identify differences in "short-termism" between investors from "Anglo-Saxon" and other …