due to the burning of bituminous coal for heat. We estimate the effects of this bituminous coal consumption on mortality … rates in the U.S. during the mid-20th century. Coal consumption varied considerably during the 20th century due to coal … of confounding factors, we use a triple-differences identification strategy that relies on variation in coal consumption …

certification dates, we find that gaining access to an ostensibly integrated hospital had no effect on the Black-White infant …. These results are consistent with descriptions of the federal hospital desegregation campaign as producing only cosmetic …