2020, we find for manufacturing establishments a gas price elasticity of labor demand of −0.02, likely reflecting a scale … effect. We also show that a rise in the gas price leads to an increase in establishment closure. A negative impact of the gas … price on wages of 2 percent is consistent with rent-sharing …

income but also with its volatility. In pre-modern economies where formal social security was largely absent, fertility …Fertility is a main driver and outcome of long-term growth. Yet, fertility may not only interact with the level of … transition in the United States covering the period 1870 to 1930 and explore whether variation in fertility among American …

reallocate labor across activities less in response to intra-seasonal crop price changes than do non-smallholders. A …

from smallholder farmers at a pan-territorial price that typically exceeds maize market prices in surplus production areas …

domestic products) reference price system.We find that while our estimated consumer compensating variation is small, the reform …