weighted by power. Our second result clarifies how the success of an interest group hinges on the dominance of its ideology in … what condition an interest group prefers to direct its lobbying efforts to two parties or the two coalition and opposition … discipline. The lobbying efforts under un-enforced and enforced party discipline are also compared. Finally, we clarify the …

In this paper, we estimate the effect of pay for politicians on who wants to be a politician. We take advantage of a …

expose different areas of the polity to controlled informational treatments about the valence and ideology of the incumbent … elicited beliefs, we are able to structurally assess the relative weights voters place upon a candidate's valence and ideology … only campaigning on valence brings more votes to the incumbent. With respect to ideology, cross-learning occurs, as voters …

of the lobbying investment depends on whether or not the candidates are willing to respond and able to collude on low …-tax policies that do not harm their relative chances in the elections. In the experiment, we find that lobbying is never successful …% of societies with finitely-repeated encounters. However, lobbying investments are not always profitable, and profit …

. The two dimensions provide an opportunity to trade off one policy over another to make the lobbying opposition less …

We test the relationship between historical immigration to the United States and political ideology today. We …-lasting effect on the political ideology of US born individuals. Our analysis proceeds in three steps. First, we document that the … historical presence of European immigrants is associated with a more liberal political ideology and with stronger preferences for …