1970s witnessed violent, widespread, and highly-politicized student protests in Turkey. Small protests turned into …

World Bank projects and generally find that projects that are potentially politically motivated – such as those granted to … governments holding a non-permanent seat on the United Nations Security Council or an Executive Directorship at the World Bank … Council members with higher short-term debt, however, a negative quality rating is more likely. So we find evidence that World …

individual commitment across citizens to defend democracy against a potential military coup, and it is an endogenous state … and the state. Parents invest resources in order to transmit their own political values (commitment to democracy) to their … between political regimes and political culture diffusion. Consolidated democracy emerges when sufficiently many people are …

We provide evidence that a history of democracy at the local level is associated with contemporary democracy at the … national level. Auxiliary estimates show that a tradition of local democracy is also associated with attitudes that favor … democracy, with better quality institutions, and higher level of economic development …

democracy disappears once including country fixed effects. This paper tests the hypothesis that the effect of income on … democracy might differ systematically across countries. A replication of the estimation in a less restrictive empirical … framework provides evidence for significant but heterogeneous effects of income on democracy for former colonies and non …

Empirical evidence on the relationship between democracy and economic reforms is scarce, limited to few reforms and … countries and for few years. This paper studies the impact of democracy on the adoption of economic reforms using a new dataset … 150 countries over the period 1960-2004. Democracy has a positive and significant impact on the adoption of economic …

individuals and the prevailing unemployment rate in the country impact perceptions of the effectiveness of democracy. We find that … personal joblessness experience translates into negative opinions about the effectiveness of democracy and it increases the … that democracies are ineffective, regardless of joblessness. People's beliefs about the effectiveness of democracy as …

and surveys, we show that individuals with longer exposure to democracy display stronger support for democratic … and focusing on immigrants' exposure to democracy before migration. In all cases, the timing and nature of the effects are …

Using cross-country data, we find evidence for a significant negative interaction effect between democracy and … inequality in determining the quality of growth-promoting institutions like rule of law. Democracy is associated with …