mortality reductions. Using data from 19 compulsory schooling reforms implemented in Europe during the twentieth century, we … example, report contradictory effects of education and compulsory schooling on mortality – ranging from zero to large … quantify the mean mortality effect and explore its dispersion across gender, time and countries. We find that men benefit from …

Using a sample of Europeans aged 50+ from twelve countries in the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe … analysed.In addition to this the subjective measure of poverty has a significant effect on mortality, increasing it by 40 …

. European life expectancy also stalled after 2014. Still, the comparison with Europe suggests that mortality rates of both Black …-2018, mainly due to mortality declines among Black Americans. We examine age-specific mortality trends and racial gaps in life … in the U.S. than in Europe. In 1990 White Americans and Europeans in rich areas had similar overall life expectancy …

from girls cycling to school in groups, and changes in patriarchal social norms that proscribed female mobility outside the …