This paper highlights the employment patterns of China's over-45 population and, for perspective, places them in the … developing countries, China can be characterized as having two retirement systems: a formal system, under which urban employees … of exit from work are shown to be much greater in urban China than in rural areas, and also greater than observed in …

China, Japan, and South Korea, and estimate the economic burden of chronic conditions in five domains (cardiovascular … non-communicable diseases over the period 2010-2030 are $16 trillion for China (measured in real USD with the base year …-effectiveness analysis by identifying some intervention strategies to reduce disease prevalence in China that are cost beneficial and …

these obligations, a sanction involving a punitive benefits reduction may be imposed. In this paper we give an overview of … on job finding probabilities. Our results suggest that each type of sanction leads to an increased transition rate to …

cash benefit is withdrawn for three months. A second sanction of the same type within one year implies a complete benefit … unobservables into account. Our results suggest that both the first and the second sanction increase the probability of finding a … job, but that these jobs go along with lower earnings due to first but not the second sanction. Moreover, first sanctions …

sanction those who are detected performing the bad act of free-riding. There has been considerable research on the type of …