The trade-off between the immediate returns from committing a crime and the future costs of punishment depends on an … heterogeneity based on age, education, crime type, and nationality. Our estimates imply that the majority of deterrence is derived …

theory of crime, value and specialization. We conclude that burglars respond to damages that devaluate their prospective …

Sanctions are a common method to discourage free-riding in the provision of public goods. However, we can usually only … sanction those who are detected performing the bad act of free-riding. There has been considerable research on the type of … sanctions imposed, but this research almost always automatically detects everyone's actions and broadcasts them to the group …

punishment in a social dilemma. Emotional reaction to free-riding incites individuals to apply sanctions when they are available …. The application of sanctions activates a "virtuous emotional circle" that accompanies cooperation. Emotionally aroused …

We investigate the distributional consequences of a corruption-fighting initiative in Romania targeting the endemic … fraud in a high-stakes high school exit exam, which introduced CCTV monitoring of the exam and credible punishment threats … for teachers and students. We find that the campaign was effective in reducing corruption and, in particular, that …

the offender impose less severe sanctions. We only find weak evidence that increasing sanction severity deters incidents … severity of sanctions imposed on those violations that are detected. We also find that inspectors who are more familiar with …