migrations. Here I focus on the period 1850 to 1940 and chiefly on migration from Europe to the New World. The survey is …

Colonial settlement. The contract and coerced migration from Europe and Africa gave way, from the 18th century, to an era of … free European migration. The period 1850 to 1913 was one of mass migration, primarily from Europe to North America and … constraints of immigration controls. Europe joined North America and Oceania as a major destination, as did the oil producing Arab …

determined by the initial gap. We obtain these results with 2SLS estimates where slavery is used as an instrument for the initial … gap. The excludability of slavery is preliminarily established by instrumenting it with the share of disembarked slaves … initial racial gap in education and that slavery affects growth indirectly through this channel. …

We investigate the impact of slavery on the current performances of the US economy. Over a cross section of counties …, we find that the legacy of slavery does not affect current income per capita, but does affect current income inequality …. Moreover, we find that the impact of slavery on current income inequality is determined by racial inequality. We test three …