The Cobden-Chevalier treaty of 1860 eliminated many French import prohibitions and lowered tariffs between France and … other nations followed because of the use of the unconditional-MFN clause. Post-1860 in France, we find a significant rise …

evidence from France in the 1930s. In 1936, France departed from the gold standard and implemented mandatory wage increases and …

globalization along three dimensions: depth, breadth and persistence. We examine depth by studying whether a bank's preference for … country or nationalized banks from different countries, consistent with an impact on the breadth of globalization. Third, we … government interventions affect the depth and breadth of banking globalization, but may not persist after public interventions …

zone in France using linked employer-employee data. Using instrumental variables with worker and firm fixed effects, we …