persistence of transitory shocks and their implications for the persistence of poverty and income inequality. The results suggest … poor individuals stayed in poverty for two years on average. In East Germany, the contribution of the permanent component … to overall income inequality increased from 20 percent in 1990 to over 70 percent in 1998 and the persistence of poverty …

poverty experience on future poverty status, future employment status and household composition. The empirical results suggest … that even after controlling for observed and unobserved characteristics, past poverty experience increases the poverty risk … of future periods. Moreover, there is evidence that experiencing poverty has a negative effect on future employment …

Based on a multiple spells approach, this paper studies the extent and the composition of chronic poverty in Germany …. The results indicate that about one third of cross-sectional poverty in a given year is chronic. The characteristics that … are most closely associated with long-term poverty are economic inactivity and pensioner status, while the number of …

experienced an unprecedented rise in net equivalized income inequality and poverty. At the same time, unemployment rose to record …