supply on automation innovation by exploiting an immigrant placement policy in Germany during the 1990s and 2000s. Difference …-in-differences estimates indicate that one additional worker per 1,000 manual and unskilled workers reduces automation innovation by 0 …-skilled workers. Labor market tightness and external demand are plausible mechanisms for the labor-innovation nexus. …

We provide quantitative evidence on the relationship between military spending and innovation in the 19th century …. Combining innovation data from world fairs and historical military data across Europe, we show that national military spending … is associated with national innovation towards war logistics such as food processing, but less towards war technology …