migration costs of wealth-constrained migrants, who enter temporary servitude contracts to pay back the debt. These debt … default on debt. This reduces the risks for intermediaries, who are then more willing to finance illegal migration. Stricter … may also result in an increase of debt-financed migration. …

Despite its importance in global illegal migration, there is little, and mostly theoretical research on human smuggling … interactions in the smuggling market, and, hence, migration flows. We review the theoretical work, point to the scarce empirical …