In China hukou (the household registration system) imposes barriers on permanent migration from rural to urban areas … counterparts left behind in rural China. The probability of becoming a permanent migrant is positively related to parental …

While some workers in China attain senior professional level and senior cadre level status (Chuzhang and above), others … and western China for 1995 and 2002. For 2002, persons of high rank make up 3 percent and persons of middle rank make up …

the 80s and the beginning of the 90s on its effect on earnings. We separate the analysis between Swedish-born and foreign …