We study the evolution of patenting in China from 1985-2019. We use a Large Language Model to measure patent importance …

This paper examines how productivity effects of human capital and innovation vary at different points of the …-technology manufacturing, average innovation performance is higher in all industries in Germany and the innovation performance distributions … investing in product innovation in the majority of industries. Frontier firms enjoy the highest returns to product innovation …

This paper examines how productivity effects of human capital and innovation vary at different points of the …-technology manufacturing, average innovation performance is higher in all industries in Germany and the innovation performance distributions … investing in product innovation in the majority of industries. Frontier firms enjoy the highest returns to product innovation …

China's R&D policy could have been more than twice as effective in boosting R&D without misappropriation. R&D expenditures … misappropriation of public funds considerably undermines the impact of R&D policies in China. …