double dividend in that it reduces both minor offenses and more severe crime. We develop a model of criminal subcultures in … attractive for some people who would otherwise commit more severe crime. If social status is sufficiently important in criminal … subcultures, zero-tolerance reduces crime across the board. …

This paper develops a model of crime analyzing how such behavior is associated with individual and neighborhood poverty … across crime types. A key implication is that greater economic segregation in a city should have no effect or a negative … effect on property crime, but a positive effect on violent crime. Using IV methods, I show this implication to be consistent …

in biology and the social sciences. Recent experimental evidence suggests that altruistic punishment is an important … mechanism to maintain cooperation among humans. In this paper we explore the boundary conditions for altruistic punishment to … maintain cooperation by systematically varying the cost and impact of punishment, using a subject pool which extends beyond the …

theories of fairness and reciprocity capture these forces. We find that cooperators' punishment is almost exclusively targeted … towards the defectors but the latter also impose a considerable amount of spiteful punishment on the cooperators. However …, spiteful punishment vanishes if the punishers can no longer affect the payoff differences between themselves and the punished …

willingness of some team members to engage in the costly punishment of shirkers. This alternative does not require small group …

Army. We conduct choice experiments - simultaneous prisoner's dilemma games, with and without third-party punishment - in … not lead to hostility, in the sense of vindictive punishment of outsiders, but does affect norm enforcement, enhancing …

Empirical evidence reveals that unemployment tends to increase property crime but that it has no effect on violent … crime. To explain these facts, we examine a model of criminal gangs and suggest that there is a substitution effect between … property crime and violent crime at work. In the model, non-monetary valuation of gang membership is private knowledge. Thus …